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DII COE Real-time ORB Trade Study Overview

Download the Complete DII COE Study Here

See also:  CORBA Performance Overview

The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) facilitates the collaboration of multiple branches of the U.S. military in setting standards for information systems. One major initiative at DISA was the Defense Information Infrastructure Common Operating Environment (DII COE).

The DII COE Real-Time Integrated Product Team (DII COE RT IPT) focused on standards for embedded and non-embedded real-time systems. It was important for defense projects using or targeting real-time technologies to participate in the DII COE RT IPT in order to ensure that their requirements were fully represented. Boeing Phantom Works worked under the direction of the DII COE RT IPT. One of their tasks was to study the Real-Time CORBA vendors and products. This trade study included a thorough benchmark of several aspects of three real-time CORBA products.

The real-time ORB products in the study include:

 

• HARDPack by Lockheed Martin Federal Systems, Owego

• ORBexpress by Objective Interface

• TAO by Washington University

The study was approved for public release and is available for download. The goals of the study were to:

 

• Benchmark CORBA ORB middleware products, and identify the products meeting or exceeding the standards for real-time technologies;

• Identify the viable RT CORBA products for recommendation into the DII COE infrastructure;

• Determine Real-Time standards compliance and interoperability with other ORBs;

• Highlight qualitative results (i.e. customer satisfaction, documentation) for each vendor

The detailed data produced from the final benchmark was provided to each ORB vendor and not disclosed publicly. Boeing has left the further disclosure of this detailed data to the ORB vendors. Objective Interface will make the detailed data for ORBexpress available upon request. To get the detailed data for the other products you will need to contact the other ORB vendors directly.

Customer Service Satisfaction

In addition to the ORB performance benchmarks, the study also determined the quality and responsiveness of the Technical Support Department compare customer service satisfaction levels. These customer service levels were based on:

 

• Ease of Use for Software Development

• Ease of Use Compared with Other ORBs

• Satisfaction with Vendor Response to Critical Problems

• Satisfaction with Vendor Response to Routine Problems

The entire DIICOE benchmark study is available here. The study includes the results shown above, as well as results for other platform configurations and other CORBA data types. The DII COE benchmark also includes tests for interoperability, predictability, and a review of the differences in architectures and platform support between the three ORBs.

Benchmark Environment

Boeing ran the benchmarks on both sparc-sun-solaris and powerpc-vme-lynxos.
The Solaris tests were run on an isolated 10 Mb Ethernet segment between two UltraSPARC 1/170 systems each with a single 167 MHz UltraSPARC I CPU.
The LynxOS tests were run on the isolated 10 Mb Ethernet segment between a Motorola MV3600-2 PowerPC (LynxOS) and a Cetia PowerPC (LynxOS).

What the Tests Measured

The tests were run using seven types of IDL operations. Each operation had only one “in” mode parameter as follows:

Description	Parameter Type	Operation Type
OW Primitives	A single struct containing a single array of a simple type	One way
OW Records	An array of a struct that containing three small arrays of simple types	One way
OW Any	A single type Any containing the “Records” data	One way
CR Primitives	A single struct containing a single array of a simple type	Two way
CR Records	An array of a struct containing three small arrays of simple types where the struct layout is aligned to a natural memory boundary	Two way
CR NA Records	An array of a struct containing three small arrays of simple types where the struct layout is not aligned to a natural memory boundary	Two way
CR Any	A single type Any containing the “Records” data	Two way

Each of the above represents the averaging of multiple tests. For example, “OW Primitives” was the average of sending an array of CORBA octets, shorts, longs, doubles, and other simple types in a single struct.

Each test was run with a single client thread in four different scenarios:

Description	Test Span	O/S	Delay Between Invocations
Scenario 1	client/server on same machine	Solaris	none
Scenario 1a	client/server on same machine	Solaris	70 milliseconds
Scenario 2	client and server machines separated by 10 Mb Ethernet	Solaris	none
Scenario 3	client/server on same machine	LynxOS	none
Scenario 3a	client/server on same machine	LynxOS	70 milliseconds
Scenario 4	client and server machines separated by 10 Mb Ethernet	Solaris	70 milliseconds
Scenario 5	client and server machines separated by 10 Mb Ethernet	LynxOS	70 milliseconds
Scenario 6	client and server machines separated by 10 Mb Ethernet	Solaris & LynxOS	70 milliseconds
Scenario 7	client and server machines separated by 10 Mb Ethernet	LynxOS & Solaris	70 milliseconds

Only the results of Scenarios 1a, 3a, 4, and 5 were published in the report.

Some of the Results

The results of the average invocation times in the Scenario 1a tests are presented in the table below. All times are in milliseconds.

Scenario 1a Test	Number of Argument Bytes	Sockets	HARDPack	ORBexpress	TAO
CR Primitives	144	0.230	1.090	0.364	0.977
	24,016	0.642	2.893	0.958	1.603
CR NA Records	144	0.230	1.092	0.383	1.176
	24,016	0.642	5.382	4.957	7.980
CR Any	144	0.230	*NP	0.9	3.4
	24,016	0.642	*NP	24.3	78.9

The results of the average invocation times in the Scenario 3a tests are presented in the table below. HARDPack was not measured on LynxOS for the final report. All times are in milliseconds.

Scenario 3a Test	Number of Argument Bytes	Sockets	ORBexpress	TAO
CR Primitives	144	0.148	0.268	1.148
	24,016	1.476	1.886	3.453
CR NA Records	144	0.148	0.285	1.170
	24,016	1.476	4.878	21.620
CR Any	144	0.148	0.595	2.771
	24,016	1.476	12.950	52.632

Note that the socket tests only sent simple octet arrays not the data types listed in the tables above. Processing the actual data types listed would have introduced additional processing for the socket tests. The socket times are reiterated for each test for ease of comparison only.

Please reference the RT IPT report for further results.